The programme aims at developing students' skills in identifying and maintaining damages to modern automobilesengines. It also aims at producing qualified graduatesthat match the labour market needs. Graduates can establish their own business or work under the supervision of automotive engineers inmaintenance centresand garages.
Graduates should be able to:
- Use scanners to identify and maintain damages to modern vehicles
- Maintain and repair electromechanical, mechanical and electrical systems in vehicles
- Maintain and repair internal combustion engines and the management system of gasoline and diesel engines in the vehicle
- Maintain and repair alternative fuel systems in cars and hybrid engines
- Track and repair cables, sensors and safety systems of electronic systems in modern vehicles
- Repair electronic and electrical systems in gear and automatic systems and identify hydraulic damages
- Identify, repair and track damagesin thepreventing operation of vehicleand central locking systems as well as the Controller Area Network (CAN)
- Maintain and repair body electronics systems such as electric glass doors, sunroof, lighting and stand-alone sensors
- Perform work duties independently according to the followed protocols, regulations andhealth and safety policy and procedures
- Work effectively within teams andstreamline work processes and proceduresfollowing theassigned technical requirements
- Monitor customers’ services effectivelyand provide them with pieces of advice on offered products and services
- Automobile Companies
- Garages
- Ministry of Transportation
- Industrial Schools
- Ministry of Education and Higher Education
- Technology Schools
- Freelance Work
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
AUTO-MICHATRONICS CURRICULUM
REQIURED CREDIT (78)
first semester
No |
Course Title |
Credit Points |
Lecture |
Lab Hrss |
Notes. Req. |
C |
|||||
100111 |
English language |
3 |
3 |
|
|
100227 |
Basic electricity and electronics |
2 |
2 |
|
|
100229 |
Basic electricity and electronics lab |
1 |
|
3 |
|
100230 |
Automotive systems |
3 |
3 |
|
|
100231 |
Automotive systems workshop |
1 |
|
3 |
|
100258 |
Entrepreneurship (1) |
1 |
|
3 |
|
114002 |
Internal combustion engines |
3 |
3 |
|
|
114004 |
internal combustion engines lab. |
1 |
|
3 |
|
114033 |
Safety in automotive workshops |
1 |
1 |
|
|
114034 |
Principle of automotive technology |
3 |
3 |
|
|
|
Total |
19 |
|
|
|
Second Semester
No |
Course Title |
Credit Points |
Lecture |
Lab Hrss |
Notes . Req. |
C |
|||||
100113 |
Arabic language |
3 |
3 |
|
|
100118 |
Introduction to computer |
3 |
1 |
3 |
|
100232 |
Mechanical Power Trains |
3 |
3 |
|
|
100233 |
Mechanical power trains workshop
|
1 |
|
3 |
|
100234 |
Auto Electrical and Electronics |
3 |
3 |
|
|
100235 |
Auto Electrical and Electronics Lab
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
114012 |
Gasoline engine management systems |
3 |
3 |
|
|
160496 |
Technical Mathematics |
3 |
3 |
|
|
|
Total |
20 |
|
|
|
summer semester
No |
Course Title |
Credit Points |
Lecture |
Lab Hrss |
Notes . Req. |
C |
|||||
103028 |
Field training (1) |
2 |
|
|
30 CR REQIURED |
third semester
No |
Course Title |
Credit Points |
Lecture |
Lab Hrss |
Notes |
C |
|||||
100152 |
Studies in Arabic and Islamic thought |
3 |
3 |
|
|
100236 |
Alternative fuel engine management systems and Hybrid Vehicles |
2 |
2 |
|
|
100237 |
Alternative fuel engine management systems and Hybrid Vehicles workshop |
1 |
|
2 |
|
100238 |
Safety and convenience system |
3 |
3 |
|
|
100239 |
Safety and convenience system lab |
1 |
|
2 |
|
100240 |
Automatic transmission workshop |
1 |
|
3 |
|
114009 |
English for Auto Technicians |
2 |
2 |
|
|
114015 |
Gasoline Engine management systems lab |
1 |
|
2 |
|
114020 |
Automatic transmission |
3 |
3 |
|
|
160541 |
technical drawing , using computer |
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
Total |
18 |
|
|
|
Fourth semester
No |
Course Title |
Credit Points |
Lecture |
Lab Hrss |
Notes |
C |
|||||
100142 |
Physical Training |
1 |
1 |
|
|
100241 |
Immobilizer and CAN systems |
3 |
3 |
|
|
100242 |
Immobilizer and CAN systems lab |
1 |
|
2 |
|
100259 |
Entrepreneurship (2) |
2 |
1 |
3 |
|
103026 |
Field training (2) |
2 |
|
|
50 CR REQIURED |
114023 |
Diesel engine management system |
3 |
3 |
|
|
114027 |
Diesel engine management system lab |
1 |
|
2 |
114012 |
114028 |
Vehicle dynamics |
3 |
3 |
|
|
114029 |
Planning and management of vehicle workshops |
1 |
1 |
|
|
114031 |
Graduation project |
2 |
|
|
51 CR REQIURED |
|
Total |
19 |
|
|
|
Course No. 100111
Course name: English Language/ 3 credit hours
Course description:
This is a general English course, which is designed to include a total of 10 theme-based units where each unit is divided into 5 focuses related to the various language basic skills, including : listening , speaking ,reading ,and writing. The material offered is so motivating , as it leads learners into discovering language rule by themselves. Throughout the course, students will be encouraged to deal with very important areas of vocabulary , structure and usage which they need in order to become fluent . As a whole teaching material aims at providing writing tasks and a grammatical summary which gives explanations of the language points that cause difficulty at this level.
Course No. 100227
Course name: Basic Electricity and Electronics / 2 credit hours
Course description:
This course is designed to introduce the electron theory of electricity. Topics address
electrical principles, Ohm's law (and Kirchhoff's law). The course included fundamental theoretical and practical lab exercises. Basic AC and DC principles. Series and parallel
circuits and digital technology. Use of test meters. Concepts of capacitance, inductance.
Students describe the function of electronic circuits and its single parts. Reading, performing wiring diagrams and calculations.
Contents:
- Structure of the Atom and charge of Elementary Particles
- Electron flow ( conventional and electron)
- Electrical principles
- Fundamental Electrical Circuits
(Resistors, voltage distribution, earth return system)
- Electrical symbols, units and terms
- Magnetism and electromagnetism
- Electromagnetic induction
- Capacitors and resistors
- DC Technology (Com3Lab)
- AC Technology (Com3Lab)
- Digital Technology (Com3Lab)
- Semiconductor principles / characteristic
- Diode symbol and current flow
- Half-wave rectification of a.c.
- Zener-type diode applications
- Transistors principles
- Darlington pairs
- Calculation of Ohm’ Law, Series/Parallel Connection
- Lab Planning/Methods and Work Safety
Course No. 100229
Course name: Basic Electricity and Electronics lab / 2 credit hours
Course description:
Course ILOs
This course will enable student to
Understand types of current and voltage
To use electric measuring equipment
Building simple circuits using wiring diagram and welding tolls
Ac, DC, Semiconductors
Generators and motors
Course No. 100230
Course name: Automotive systems / 3 credit hours
Course description:
Contents:
- System Construction and Operation
- Brake circuit layouts
- Antilock Brake System
- Master Cylinder
- Lines and Hoses
- Valves and Switches
- Bleeding, Flushing and Leak Testing
- Drum Brake Diagnosis and Repair
- Disc Brake Diagnosis and Repair
- Types of springs and suspension
- Geometry of steered front wheel
- Types of tires (tyres) and rims
- Types of chassis frame
- Chassis, Suspension and Steering
Course No. 100258
Course name: Entrepreneurship (1)/ 1 credit hour
Course description:
The course includes 4 training modules designed to develop entrepreneurial skills and to prepare young people, not only to create their own projects in the future, but also to work productively in small and medium enterprises.
Course No. 114002
Course name: Internal combustion engines / 3 credit hours
Course description:
A course in automotive engines theory, design and construction and system diagnosis
techniques. Students will learn to identify and analysis potential engine failures inclusive cooling and exhaust systems. They perform engine repair work and basic ignition system adjustments. Workshop practice devoted to disassembly and assembly of engines. This will include fitting components such as bearings, pistons, and rings. Cylinder head reconditioning work will include guide repair, valve and seat machining operations. In theory the students perform engine calculation, drawings and identify and describe the function of
engine systems.
Contents:
- System Operation / Dynamics
- Internal-combustion engines
- classification
- type of ignition
- cycles
- stroke process
- Engine Calculation
- Piston displacement
- bore-stroke ratio
- compression ration
- clearance volume
- compression increase
- piston force
- engine torque
- Methods of Diagnosis / Repairs and Execution
- Cylinder Head Assemble
- Valve Train
- Valve and Seat Machines
- Engine Block Diagnoses
- Fuel Systems
- Cooling System
- Ignition Systems
- Exhaust Systems
Course No. 114004
Course name: internal combustion engines workshop / 1 credit hour
Course description:
Course ILOs
This course covers the practical part of internal combustion engines course, which include the followings:
- Parts of engine (Head, cylinder, pistons, block, crankshaft, camshaft,…etc)
- Valve clearance adjustment
- Using equipments and tools
- Workshop Safety
- Methods of Diagnosis / Repairs and Execution
- Cylinder Head Assemble
- Valve Train
- Valve and Seat Machines
- Engine Block Diagnoses
- Fuel Systems
- Cooling System
- Ignition Systems
- Exhaust Systems
Course No. 114033
Course name: Safety in automotive workshops / 1 credit hour
Course description:
appropriate Work Wear, first aid, creating a place workshop to work, ventilation and lighting of the workshop, the devices used in car workshops and how to work with them and keep them, how to deal with hazardous materials such as gasoline and diesel in the workshop, ways to get rid of gases present inside the workshop, use pipe suction exhaust, use of fire extinguishers, safety procedures during welding.
Course No. 114034
Course name: Principle of automotive technology / 3 credit hours
Course description:
- Basic operation and service of brake systems
- Basic operation and service of engine and drive-train
- Basic operation and service of suspension and steering
- Basic operation and service of chassis
- Diagnosis and trouble shooting technique
- measuring and test equipment
- principle of ignition and injection systems
- types of internal combustion engines
Course No. 100113
Course name: Arabic language)/ 3 credit hours
Course description:
This course aims at providing learners with definition of Arabic as a system formed of well-linked and integrated sub-systems and to allow learners to employ them in their linguistic, grammatical, morphological and rhythmic in accuracy with the available poetic and theoretical texts, and adhere and observe the written and punctuation regulations accurately. Also to be able to distinguish between different kinds of biology ,fiction poetic forms and contemporary problems which encounter
Course No. 100118
Course name: Introduction to computer / 3 credit hours
Course description:
This course aims to identify the components of the computer and its different units and the development of computer , and computer classifications and generations , and classifications of accounting systems and memory unit , and Arithmetic and Logic Unit ,and input and output units ,and the operating system ,and basics of programming.
The practical part:
Learn the students the basics of dealing with computer , identify the physical computer components such as Mother board and Hard disk , and the other software components , Work on the MS-DOS operating system and identify the most important commands ,and files and folders commands , work on MS windows operating system ,and control files and folders , and deal with MS office programs , and identify the internet and E-mail service
Course No. 100232
Course name: Mechanical Power Trains /3 credit hours
Course description:
Contents:
- Clutches
- Transmission and transaxle
- Driveshaft
- Final Drive
- Axles
- Wheels and tires
Course No. 100233
Course name: Mechanical power trains workshop /1 credit hour
Course description:
Course ILOs
This course will enable students to
Determine all parts of powertrain systems
Assemble and disassemble parts of powertrain systems
Diagnose faults and problems in powertrain systems
Course No. 100234
Course name: Auto Electrical and Electronics /3 credit hours
Course description:
Course ILOs
The purpose of this course and its lab. is to give the student an introduction to the basic principles of automotive electrical systems with emphasis on an understanding of the concepts using Ohms Law relationships and how they are applied to circuits and component operation.
Theoretical and practical knowledge and skills acquired in the E-laboratory using the training panels and electronic component sets relevant to automotives like starters, alternators,
batteries, and regulators. Further, students perform circuit analysis, electrical calculations and drawing graphs. Diagnoses methods and electrical test equipment as applied to automotive technology will be used to develop problem solving skills. Teamwork training using
instruction and specification of manufacturer.
Contents:
- Analog and Digital Measurements
- Application of Testers
- Battery types charge / discharge
- lead-acid high / low, free maintenance
- Charging-circuit principles (alternator)
- Semi-conductor rectifier changes A/C to D/C
- Principle of an auto alternator (phase output)
- Starting system
- Ignition systems
Course No. 100235
Course name: Auto Electrical and Electronics lab / credit hour
- Auto Ignition Systems (Auto E-Lab)
- Coil ignition system (pattern: primary and secondary)
- Coil construction
- Capacitors / condenser
- Distributor assembly
- Stroboscopic timing and dwell measurement
- Pulse generator (inductive / hall) Fault diagnosis / adjustments
- Battery diagnosis
- Starting system
- Alternator
Course No. 114012
Course name: Gasoline engine management systems /3 credit hours
Course ILOs
This course and its lab. covers the principles of engine fuel delivery/management, exhaust/emission systems, and electronic engine controls and procedures for diagnosing and restoring engine performance using appropriate test equipment. Topics include procedures for diagnosis and repair of fuel delivery/ignition management and emission systems using appropriate service information. Upon completion, students will be able to describe, diagnose, and repair engine fuel delivery and emission control systems using appropriate service information and
diagnostic equipment.
Contents:
- Lab Safety and Teamwork
- Systems Principal and Operation
- Fuel injection systems
- Electronic connections and circuit diagrams
- Sensors and actuators
- Jetronic Systems
- Motronic Systems
- KE III – Jetronic
- LH Motronic
- Mono-Motronic
- Advanced Ignition Systems
- Hydraulic Engine Test Bet
Measuring exercises
- Fault simulation
- Computer evaluation
- Calculation
- Power and torque curves
Environmental Problems
Gasoline direct injection (GDI)
Course No. 160496
Course name: Technical Mathematics /3 credit hours
Course description:
This course provides ISS graduated students with the fundamental applied mathematics. Minimum requirements for enrollment into the automotive department’s modularized courses in order to integrate basic knowledge into lager generalizations
Contents:
- Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division
- Calculating of Percentage
- Basic quantities, conversion of units
- Usage of calculator
- Linear equations
- Applied calculations with basic formulas:
- Areas, circumferences, volumes, masses, weight- force.
- Speed, acceleration
- Simultaneous and quadratic equations
- Exponents and radicals
- Logarithms
- Trigonometric functions
- Vectors
- Graphs of trigonometric functions
Auto Electrical/Electronics and Measurement Technology
Course No. 103028
Course name: Field training (1) / 2 credit hours
Course description:
Trainees get on-the job experience under qualified supervision in automotive technology occupations. Work hours arranged by employer, adviser, and student. Student progress is checked by oral and written reports from the employer or department chairperson.
Student-adviser conferences are held to discuss progress and/or problems. All co-op work experiences are graded on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Allowing the students to better address problems experienced in the field and provides a foundation to be successful.
Consent of department chairperson.
Contents:
- Coordinating conferences and individual meetings by arrangement (specializations).
- Independent or directed study of special topics in automotive technology.
- Alternative training within/at/in Auto Department.
Letter of application and job interview
Vehicle Maintenance and repair lab.
- Complete test
- Compression test
- cylinder leakage test
- Oil pressure test
- Vacuum test
- Ignition systems
- Injection systems
- Power train
- Lightening system
- Exhaust system
.
Course No. 100152
Course name: Studies in Arabic and Islamic thought /3 credit hours
Course description:
This course is designed to identify Islamic Thoughts: Its principles and features as well as outlining resources for Arab thoughts and Islamic ideology, worships, ethics, Islamic law, Islamic Arabic culture : its achievements and aspects. Finally, learners will have the opportunity to examine in depth contemporary issues.
Course No. 100236
Course name: Alternative fuel engine management systems and Hybrid Vehicles /2 credit hours
Course description:
The course includes the following topics: - Automotive fuels gas as a friend of environment, the reasons for using alternative fuels, alternative fuels LPG, CNG, Alcohols, Hydrogen ..etc. engines that run on alternative fuels, difference between traditional fuel engines and alternative fuel engines, electric vehicles, Hybrid vehicles, Fuel cell.
Course No. 100237
Course name: Alternative fuel engine management systems and Hybrid Vehicles workshop /1 credit hours
Course description:
Course ILOs
This course will enable students to
Determine all types of fuel and alternative fuel systems in vehicles
Determine all parts of fuel and alternative fuel systems in vehicles
Diagnose faults and problems in fuel and alternative fuel systems in vehicles
Use suitable tools and equipment’s to diagnose and repair problems and faults in fuel and alternative fuel systems in vehicles
Course No. 100238
Course name: Safety and convenience system /3 credit hours
Course description:
Course ILOs
The course includes the following topics:
supplemental restraint system, air bags, antilock brake system, immobilizer, adaptive cruise control system, cruise control system, night vision, global positioning system (GPS), wiring diagrams, center lock, electronic stability program (ESP), traction control system (TCS).
Course No. 100239
Course name: Safety and convenience system lab /1 credit hour
Course description:
This course will enable students to
Determine different types of convenience systems
Determine parts of convenience systems
Follow wiring diagrams of convenience systems
Diagnose problems and faults in convenience systems
Using tools and equipment’s
Course No. 1002340
Course name: Automatic transmission workshop /1 credit hour
Course description:
This course will enable student to
Determine all types of automatic transmissions
Determine parts of all types of different automatic transmissions
Dismantle all types of automatic transmissions
Dismantle and assemble all types of automatic transmissions
Diagnose mechanical and hydraulic faults and problems in all types
Of automatic transmissions
Diagnose faults in electronic control of automatic transmissions
Using suitable tools and equipment’s in repair and diagnose faults and problems in automatic transmissions
Course No. 114009
Course name: English for Auto Technicians /2 credit hours
Course description:
The main subjects of this course are the understanding of technical documentations and the communication with partners in occupation related situations in English language. As
prerequisite the knowledge of special terms of automotive technology is to be imparted and the ability to self-reliant finding of such terms
Contents:
- technical vocabulary in the field of:
- computer
- materials
- production
- automobile
- working with dictionaries
- reading of technical documents
- writing technical reports
- communication about technical subjects
Course No. 114015
Course name: Gasoline Engine management systems lab / 1 credit hour
Course description:
This course covers the practical part of gasoline engine management.
Contents:
- Using motor tester
- Using scanning tools (Launch)
- Diagnose fuel injection systems
- Electronic ignition systems.
Course No. 114020
Course name: Automatic transmission /3 credit hours
Course description:
- Torque convertor
- Impeller, stator and turbine.
- Planetary gear set
- Hydraulic system
- Apply devices
- Clutches and bands
- Overrunning clutch
- CVT
- Electronic AT
- Hydraulic pressure
- DSG
Course No. 160541
Course name: technical drawing , using computer /1 credit hour
Course description:
Sectional view: sectioning in machine parts drawing: threads: bolted joints: studded: screw fastening, cotter, keyed: splined joints, gears and bearings. Drawing detailing: assembly drawing: reading and drawing tolerances: fittings: and surface roughness: AutoCAD applications, 2 and 3 dimensions.
Course No. 100142
Course name: Physical Training /1 credit hour
Course description:
This course attempts to study the physical training concept and goals and their impact upon general discipline. It defines the most important skills and principles and rules related to certain individual and group games. It involves setting out internal and
Course No. 100241
Course name: Immobilizer and CAN systems /3 credit hours
Course description:
Course ILOs
The students will be able to maintain and diagnose the following
- immobilizer, and alarm system.
- CAN, MOST, LIN systems
Lightening systems
Course No. 100242
Course name: Immobilizer and CAN systems lab /1 credit hour
Course description:
Course ILOs
This course will enable student to
Determine types of immobilization systems
Determine types of data bus systems
Follow wiring diagrams of data bus systems
Diagnose faults and problems in data bus systems
Using different types of equipment’s to measure signals and diagnose faults in data bus systems
Course No. 100259
Course name: Entrepreneurship (2)/ 2 credit hours
Course description:
The course includes 4 training modules aimed at completing the Entrepreneurship, 1 course by educating young people about the opportunities, challenges, drawbacks, characteristics, attitudes and skills necessary to lead the scientific level, not only to enable them to set up their own projects in the future but also to work Productively in small and medium-sized enterprises. Thus, the overall goal of the program is to contribute to the development of an institutional culture in Palestine.
Course No. 103026
Course name: Field training (2)/ 2 credit hours
Course description:
Trainees get on-the job experience under qualified supervision in automotive technology occupations. Work hours arranged by employer, adviser, and student. Student progress is checked by oral and written reports from the employer or department chairperson.
Student-adviser conferences are held to discuss progress and/or problems. All co-op work experiences are graded on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Allowing the students to better address problems experienced in the field and provides a foundation to be successful.
Course No. 114023
Course name: Diesel engine management system / 3 credit hours
Course description:
Contents:
- Principles of Diesel Fuel Injection Systems Operation
- Diesel Fuel Pumps and Injectors Assemble
- Governors and Emission Controls
- Electronic Controlled Hydraulic Diesel Fuel Systems
- Specific Fuel Pump System Diagnosis
- Electronic Unit Injector
- Hydraulic Electronic Unit Injector
- Diesel injection systems, rotary pump, inline pump, EDC, CDI…etc.
Course No. 114027
Course name: Diesel engine management system lab / 1 credit hour
Course description:
This course provides an in-depth coverage of diesel fuel injector pumps and diesel injection systems with emphasis on calibration including advanced diesel tune-up and troubleshooting. The purpose of this course is to provide the student with advanced concepts and skills.
The students also will use scanners to solve problems in diesel engines, (EDC, TDI, SDI, UI, UP, CDI,)
Use tools and equipment’s to measure signals of sensors , actuators and wiring terminals
Course No. 114028
Course name: Vehicle dynamics / 3 credit hours
Course description:
Course ILOs
Introduction to vehicle dynamics, lumped mass, dynamic axle loads, static loads on level ground, loads on grades, transverse weight shift due to drive torque, braking forces, rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, grade, brake factor, vertical loads, aerodynamics, side force, lift force, pitching moment, rolling moment, rolling resistance, total road loads, steady state cornering, suspension effects on cornering, critical speeds, Ackermann angle.
Course No. 114029
Course name: Planning and management of vehicle workshops / 1 credit hour
Course description:
The Management of Automotive Technical Organizations.
The practice of management as applied within technical organizations in an auto service
enterprise. Includes history of the tradition and current effective practices, research findings, and case studies, with objectives of enhanced understanding of external and internal factors influencing auto organizational performance and service leadership.
Contents:
- General Workshop Management
- Workshop time and cost analysis
- Distribution of jobs
- Time keeping and daily labor control card
- Permanent quality control and workshop warranty
- Computer Office Program
- Cost Calculation and Invoicing
- Hourly rates charged to the customer
- Terms of warranty
- Customer Relations and Sales Skills
- Customer service
- Dealers warranty
- Estimates and control of “time promised”
- Personnel Management
- Contracts of Employment and Laws
- Inventory Management
- Merchandising and Advertising
- Cataloging Skills
- Project Auto Electronic System Technician by Arrangement
(Involving automotive related duties: Quality-controls and Estimates)
Course No. 114030
Course name: Graduation project / 2 credit hours
Course description:
Presentation of the Examination Project (including PowerPoint presentation) Selected topics of the automotive mechanic technology including service management
Course No. 100231
Course name: Automotive systems workshop / 1 credit hours
This course concentrates on a study of the principles of operation and design of suspension and steering systems. Actual hands-on work in the workshop on live vehicles complements the classroom training. The students safely use computerized alignment and wheel balancing equipment. Analyse and adjust various alignments to angles, sketch and calculate ratio of steering and angularity. They perform inspection and replacement procedures for common automotive suspension and manual/power steering systems including electronically
controlled suspension components, A study of automotive brake systems construction/operation, and antilock brake system
fundamentals. The students identify and describe the construction and function of the
different pneumatic and hydraulic brake systems
Contents:
- Methods of Repairs / Adjustments and Execution
- Steering Column
- Steering Units
- Steering Linkage
- Suspension System
- Wheel Alignment measurement
- Wheels and Tires
- Frame Diagnosis
- Methods of Diagnosis / Repairs and Execution
- Hydraulic System
- Master Cylinder
- Lines and Hoses
- Valves and Switches
- Bleeding, Flushing and Leak Testing
- Drum Brake Diagnosis and Repair
- Disc Brake Diagnosis and Repair
- Antilock Brake System (ABS) Diagnosis and Repair